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The use of simulated flue gas as a feedstock for the growth of microalgae
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The use of simulated flue gas as a feedstock for the growth of microalgae
Zeiler, KG; Heacox, DA; Toon, ST; Brown, LM PHYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1995 MEETING HELD IN BRECKENRIDGE, 6-10 AUGUST 1995. suppl uppl, 9 p. Journal of Phycology [J. PHYCOL.]. Vol. 31, suppl uppl.
Carbon dioxide is the major feedstock for the growth of photosynthetic microorganisms and has been identified as the primary contributor to the cost of microalgal mass culture. Fossil fuel-fired power plant flue gas can provide a point source of carbon dioxide for a microalgal mass culture facility and large amounts of CO sub(2) could be trapped using this technology. A major question for this process is whether or not microalgal species can tolerate the high levels of carbon dioxide, as well as other pollutants, in flue gas. We report here that at least one species of green microalgae, Monoraphidium minutum, is tolerant to the levels of carbon dioxide, nitric oxide and sulfur dioxide present in Clean Air Act 1990 simulated flue gas. Cultures of M. minutum were able to grow equally well whether exposed to simulated flue gas containing 13.6% CO2, 150 ppm NO and 200 ppm SO2 or to control gas lacking the NO and SO2. Growth of M. minutum was very good (2g/L ash-free dry weight final accumulation in batch culture) when exposed to simulated flue gas and grown in either 10% Artificial Sea Water (ASW) or in a defined medium analogous to saline ground water (roughly equivalent to similar to 30% ASW). It appeared that the cultures were able to assimilate nitrogen oxides arising as a result of exposure to the simulated flue gas, as well. The pH of the cultures was unchanged after the first 24 h of growth in either simulated flue gas or control gas, suggesting that under these conditions SO sub(2) does not significantly contribute to the acidity of the culture. Varying the delivery schedule, although not the total amount of gas, did not result in any significant changes in accumulation of biomass. Current efforts are directed at identifying other classes and species of microalgae tolerant to simulated flue gas which may be useful for the production of commodity chemicals such as biodiesel, other high value products, or co-combusted for power generation.
Descriptors: {Q1}; pollution control; carbon dioxide; growth; biotechnology; algal culture; {Q2}; Monoraphidium minutum
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algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
Labels: Algae-Cultivation-Power-Plants
SERI Microalgae culture collection, 1986-1987
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SERI Microalgae culture collection, 1986-1987
BARCLAY, W; JOHANSEN, J; CHELF, P; NAGLE, N; ROESSLER, P; LEMKE, P
The SERI Microalgae Culture Collection provides a repository for strains identified or developed for mass culture biomass production and makes these strains readily available to the research community. The strains in the collection have been selected for their potential in biomass fuel applications, and many produce significant quantities of cellular storage lipids. All of the newly added strains have been recently isolated by SERI and its subcontractors in organized screening programs. Many have been tested in outdoor mass culture systems, and several have demonstrated excellent performance as biomass producers. The strains added to the collection this year have been isolated from inland saline waters and marine waters. We believe that the strains in this collection can provide a source of extremely useful organisms, both for laboratory experimentation and for mass culture research. Most of the strains are currently nonaxenic. Again this year, cultures will be shipped free of charge to interested researchers. An important function of the culture collection catalog, in addition to listing the available strains, is to provide culture and performance data for each of the organisms. By collecting a summary of the requirements and characteristics of these organisms, we hope to allow requestors of cultures to begin productive research with a minimum of preliminary work on culture techniques. (DOE)
Key words: ALGAE; BIOMASS; BIOSYNTHESIS; CELLS (BIOLOGY); VEGETATION GROWTH; BIOMASS ENERGY PRODUCTION; CULTURE TECHNIQUES; LIPIDS; METHANE; MICROORGANISMS; PH; SALINITY
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algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
Labels: Algae-Strains
Effects of WSF of Mexican crude oil on chlorophylla, and lipid composition of planktonic microalgae
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Effects of water-soluble fraction of the Mexican crude oil “Isthmus Cactus” on growth, cellular content of chlorophylla, and lipid composition of planktonic microalgae
A research article
M. R. Morales-Loo1 and M. Goutx2(1) Station Marine d'Endoume, Rue de la Batterie des Lions, F-13007 Marseille, France(2) Centre d'Océanologie de Marseille, Faculté de Sciences de Luminy, Route Léon Lachamp, F-13288 Marseille cédex 09, FranceAccepted: 16 November 1989 Communicated by J. M. Pérès, Marseille
Journal - Marine Biology
Publisher - Springer Berlin / Heidelberg
Issue - Volume 104, Number 3 / October, 1990
SpringerLink Date - Friday, April 22, 2005
Abstract
Phytoplankton species were grown in batch cultures in the presence of the water-soluble fraction (WSF; 50 and 100%) of a Mexican crude oil (Isthmus Cactus). The algae exhibited various responses ranging from retarded growth to stimulation of growth. The cellular content of chlorophylla and the lipid composition of the algae were examined. Four algae, the bacillariophytesNitzschia closterium andAsterionella glacialis, the cryptophytesRhodomonas lens, and the chlorophyteDunaliella tertiolecta, exhibited retarded growth. In most of these algae, cellular chlorophylla, lipid pigments, glycolipids and triglycerides decreased whereas sterols and hydrocarbons accumulated. Phospholipids did not exhibit any specific pattern of change during the experiments. The cyanophyteAgmenellum quadruplicatum and the bacillariophyteSkeletonema costatum were less sensitive to the WSF. The cell yield of the dinophyteProrocentrum minimum was stimulated by the WSF. In these three latter species, lipid pigments were enhanced or remained at control levels. We concluded that the toxic effect of the WSF disrupts the biosynthesis mechanisms required for a functional photosynthetic apparatus (biosynthesis of chlorophylla, glycolipids and lipid pigments) in sensitive algae, a phenomenon coupled to sterol accumulation in these algae.
See the original abstract source and report access info here
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algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
Labels: Algae-Fuel-Research
Fuel options from microalgae with chemical compositions
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Fuel options from microalgae with representative chemical compositions
From the Energy Citations Database, OSTI, USA
Creator/Author - Feinberg, D. A.
Publication Date - 1984 Jul 01
OSTI Identifier - OSTI ID: 6782425; Legacy ID: DE84013019
Report Number(s) - SERI/TR-231-2427
Research Org - Solar Energy Research Inst., Golden, CO (USA)
Sponsoring Org - USDOE - Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EE)
Key words - 09 BIOMASS FUELS; ALGAE; BIOCONVERSION; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CHEMICAL REACTION YIELD; COMPARATIVE EVALUATIONS; ETHANOL; EXPERIMENTAL DATA; GAS FUELS; HYDROCARBONS; LIQUID FUELS; METHANE; PRODUCTION; ALCOHOLS; ALKANES; DATA; FUELS; HYDROXY COMPOUNDS; INFORMATION; NUMERICAL DATA; ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; PLANTS; YIELDS
Related Subject - algae; chlomydomonas; chlorella; fuels; unicellular algae
Description/Abstract
Representative species of microalgae are examined with respect to their reported chemical compositions. Each species is analyzed under a variety of culture conditions, with the objective being to characterize an optimum mixture of fuel products (e.g., methane, ethanol, methylester) which should be produced by the particular species. Historically the emphasis has been on the entire algal cell mass. Using the reported chemical composition for the representative species under specific sets of growth conditions, some conclusions can be drawn about the preferred fuel product conversion routes that could be employed. 10 references, 7 figures, 12 tables.
The entire PDF report available for download here
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About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
Labels: Algae-Energy-Products, Algae-Fuel-Research
Characteristics of Microalgae Isolated in Taiwan for Biofixation of CO2
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Some Characteristics of Microalgae Isolated in Taiwan for Biofixation of Carbon Dioxide
Ed-Haun Chang, Shang-Shyng Yang
Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica
2003/01
Pp - 43-52
Abstract
To contribute the biological mean of CO2 fixation, more than 200 microalgal isolates were screened from lakes, ponds, sediments, hog wastewater, paddy fields, hot springs, and seawater in Taiwan. Two unicellular microalgae, Chlorella sp. NTU-H15 and Chlorella sp. NTU-H25, were isolated from hog wastewater. In the laboratory, they were able to grow up even in aeration containing CO2 up to 40% and have growth rates of 0.21 to 0.22g dry wt l^(-1)d^(-1) at 2O% CO2. Both algae had the same growth rate in the range from 5 to 4O% CO2 and had a similar light response between 190 and 589 ?mol m^(-2) s^(-1). Chlorella sp. NTU-H15 had a higher growth rate than Chlorella sp. NTU-H25 at pH 4.0 and (?)35?.Chlorella sp. NTU-H15 was able to tolerate high concentrations of CO2, high cell density, and a broad-range of temperature and pH Each liter of Chlorella sp. NTU-H15 produced 1.8g of dry cell. The maximum growth rate was 0.28g dry wt l^(-1)d^(-1), and the specific growth rate was 0.27 d^(-1)at l5% CO2. Each mg of chlorophyll produced 1.6mM O2 min^(-1) at 700?mol m^(-2)s^(-1) at 30? and 10 mM NaHCO3. While each liter of Chlorella sp. NTU-H25 produced 1.7g of dry cell, the maximum growth rate was 0.27g dry wt 1^(-1)d^(-1), and the specific growth rate was 0.27 d^(-1). Both isolates are suitable for dense cultivation to fix CO2 directly and to produce cell biomass.
Key words - Chlorella, Biofixation, Carbon dioxide, Chlorella, Growth rate and microalga
Nature gave us oil from algae; perhaps we should try Nature's way again
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algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
Labels: Algae-CO2-Capture
Pyrolytic characteristics of microalgae as renewable energy source determined by thermogravimetric analysis
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Pyrolytic characteristics of microalgae as renewable energy source determined by thermogravimetric analysis
Weimin Peng, Qingyu Wu, , Pingguan Tu and Nanming Zhao Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
Publisher / Journal: Bioresource Technology Volume 80, Issue 1 , October 2001, Pages 1-7
Received 18 December 2000; revised 9 April 2001; accepted 10 April 2001. Available online 2 August 2001.
Abstract
Two kinds of autotrophic microalgae, Spirulina platensis (SP) and Chlorella protothecoides (CP) were pyrolyzed at the heating rates of 15, 40, 60 and 80°C/min up to 800°C in a thermogravimetric analyzer to investigate their pyrolytic characteristics. Three stages (dehydration, devolatilization and solid decomposition) appeared in the pyrolysis process. SP and CP mainly devolatilized at 190–560°C and 150–540°C, respectively. A total volatile yield of about 71% was achieved from each microalga. As the heating rate increased, a lateral shift to higher temperatures was observed in their thermograms, and the instantaneous maximum and average reaction rates in the devolatilization stage were increased while the activation energy was decreased. The value of activation energy for CP pyrolysis was 4.22–5.25×104, lower than that of SP (7.62–9.70×104), and the char in final residue of CP was 14.00–15.14%, less than that of SP by 2–3%. This indicated that CP is preferable for pyrolysis over SP. The experimental results may provide useful data for the design of pyrolytic processing systems using planktonic microalgae as feedstock.
Keywords: Spirulina platensis; Chlorella protothecoides; Pyrolysis; Bio-fuel
Nature gave us oil from algae; perhaps we should try Nature's way again
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
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algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
Labels: Algae-Energy-Products
Aquatic biomass resources and carbon dioxide trapping
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Aquatic biomass resources and carbon dioxide trapping
Chelf, P; Brown, LM; Wyman, CE Biomass and Bioenergy. Vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 175-183. 1993
Abstract
Intensively managed microalgal production facilities are capable of fixing several-fold more carbon dioxide per unit area than trees or crops. Although CO sub(2) is still released when fuels derived from algal biomass are burned, integration of microalgal farms for flue gas capture approximately doubles the amount of energy produced per unit of CO sub(2) released. Materials derived from microalgal biomass also can be used for other long-term uses, serving to sequester CO sub(2). Flue gas has the potential to provide sufficient quantities of CO sub(2) for such large-scale microalgae farms. Viewing microalgae farms as a means to reduce the effects of a greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide, CO sub(2)) changes the view of the economics of the process. Instead of requiring that microalgae-derived fuel be cost competitive with fossil fuels, the process economics must be compared with those of other technologies proposed to deal with the problem of CO sub(2) pollution. However, development of alternative, environmentally safer energy production technologies will benefit society whether or not global climate change actually occurs. Microalgal biomass production has great potential to contribute to world energy supplies, and to control CO sub(2) emissions as the demand for energy increases. This technology makes productive use of arid and semi-arid lands and highly saline water, resources that are not suitable for agriculture and other biomass technologies.
Key words: Environmental Engineering; Aquatic biomass; Algal biomass; Microalgae farms; Microalgal biomass; Flue gases; Renewable energy resources; Carbon dioxide; Algae
Nature gave us oil from algae; perhaps we should try Nature's way again
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
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algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
Labels: Algae-CO2-Capture, Algae-Energy-Products
Hydrogen production by microalgae - algal hydrogen / fuel research paper
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Hydrogen production by microalgae
Journal - Journal of Applied Phycology
Publisher - Springer Netherlands
Issue - Volume 12, Numbers 3-5 / October, 2000
Hydrogen production by microalgae
John R. Benemann - Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
Abstract
The production of H2 gas from water and sunlightusing microalgae, `biophotolysis', has been a subjectof applied research since the early 1970s. A numberof approaches have been investigated, but most provedto have fundamental limitations or requireunpredictable research breakthroughs. Examples areprocesses based on nitrogen-fixing microalgae andthose producing H2 and O2 simultaneously fromwater (`direct biophotolysis'). The most plausibleprocesses for future applied R & D are those whichcouple separate stages of microalgal photosynthesisand fermentations (`indirect biophotolysis'). Theseinvolve fixation of CO2 into storagecarbohydrates followed by their conversion to H2by the reversible hydrogenase, both in dark andpossibly light-driven anaerobic metabolic processes. Based on a preliminary engineering and economicanalysis, biophotolysis processes must achieve closeto an overall 10% solar energy conversion efficiencyto be competitive with alternatives sources ofrenewable H2, such as photovoltaic-electrolysisprocesses. Such high solar conversion efficiencies inphotosynthetic CO2 fixation could be reached bygenetically reducing the number of light harvesting(antenna) chlorophylls and other pigments inmicroalgae. Similarly, greatly increased yields ofH2 from dark fermentation by microalgae could beobtained through application of the techniques ofmetabolic engineering. Another challenge is toscale-up biohydrogen processes with economicallyviable bioreactors.Solar energy driven microalgae processes forbiohydrogen production are potentially large-scale,but also involve long-term and economically high-riskR&D. In the nearer-term, it may be possible tocombine microalgal H2 production with wastewatertreatment.
key words: biophotolysis - fermentations - hydrogen - microalgae - photobioreactors - photosynthetic efficiencies
Original Springer Link article and ordering page here
Nature gave us oil from algae; perhaps we should try Nature's way again
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
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algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
Labels: Algae-Hydrogen
CO2 fixation by microalgae photosynthesis using flue gas from a boiler
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Carbon dioxide fixation by microalgae photosynthesis using actual flue gas discharged from a boiler
From the Energy Citations Database, Office of Scientific & Technical Info, Govt of USA
Creator/Author - Matsumoto, H. ; Shioji, N. ; Hamasaki, A. ; Ikuta, Y. ; Fukuda, Y. ; Sato, M. ; Endo, N. ; Tsukamoto, T. [Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Company Ltd., Takasago (Japan)]
Publication Date - 1995 Aug 01
OSTI Identifier - OSTI ID: 82295
Other Number(s)
ABIBDL; ISSN 0273-2289
Resource Type
Journal Article
Resource Relation
Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology ; VOL. 51 ; ISSUE: 2 ; PBD: Spr 1995
Key words - 01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT;54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES ; CARBON DIOXIDE FIXATION; ALGAE; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; FLUE GAS; FOSSIL-FUEL POWER PLANTS; FEASIBILITY STUDIES
Description/Abstract
To mitigate CO{sub 2} discharged from thermal power plants, studies on CO{sub 2} fixation by the photosynthesis of microalgae using actual exhaust gas have been carried out. The results are as follows: a method is proposed for evaluating the maximum photosynthesis rate in the raceway cultivator using only the algal physical properties; outdoor cultivation tests taking actual flue gas were performed with no trouble or break throughout 1 yr using the strain collected in the test; the produced microalgae is effective as solid fuel; and the feasibility studies of this system were performed. The system required large land area, but the area is smaller than that required for other biomass systems, such as tree farms.
Original source of the citation here
Nature gave us oil from algae; perhaps we should try Nature's way again
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
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algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
Microalgae: a green source of renewable H2 - research paper from MIT
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Microalgae: a green source of renewable H2 - a research paper from MIT, Dec 2000
Maria L. Ghirardi, Liping Zhang, James W. Lee, Timothy Flynn, Michael Seibert, Elias Greenbaum and Anastasios Melis
Abstract & Introduction
This article summarizes recent advances in the field of algal hydrogen production. Two fundamental approaches are being developed. One involves the temporal separation of the usually incompatible reactions of O2 and H2 production in green algae, and the second involves the use of classical genetics to increase the O2 tolerance of the reversible hydrogenase enzyme.
The economic and environmental impact of a renewable source of H2 are also discussed.
Hydrogen (H2) metabolism is primarily the domain of bacteria and microalgae. It occurs in many, taxonomically diverse, species, takes place by a variety of biochemical mechanisms and processes, and has many physiological adaptations1–4. Microbial H2 formation is catalysed by either nitrogenases or hydrogenases, enzymes that can only function under anaerobic conditions. Nitrogenases are used by certain cyanobacteria (blue–green algae) and photosynthetic bacteria, whereas green algae use hydrogenase(s) to photoevolve H2. Nitrogenase-catalysed H2 evolution has been examined as a means of producing H2 gas commercially5–8. However, this has limitations including the low catalytic turnover rate of the enzyme9,10 and the high energy requirement (two or more ATP molecules per electron transported11).
The H2 metabolism of green algae was discovered in the early 1940s by Hans Gaffron12. He observed that green algae (under anaerobic conditions) can either use H2 as an electron donor in the CO2-fixation process or evolve H2 in both dark and the light. These original observations were later extended to many other green algae including Chlamydomonas reinhardtii13–15, Chlorella fusca16 and Scenedesmus obliquus12,17. H2 production in eukaryotic green algae requires a period of several minutes to a few hours of anaerobic incubation in the dark14,18–20. This apparently induces the biosynthesis and/or activation of the reversible hydrogenase, and probably of other H2-metabolizing enzymes, and enables the cells to photoproduce H2.
Read more from the original paper (PDF)
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algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
Labels: Algae-Hydrogen
Procedures adopted for the laboratory cultivation of Trichodesmium erythraeum
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Procedures adopted for the laboratory cultivation of Trichodesmium erythraeum
Journal - Marine Biology
Publisher - Springer Berlin / Heidelberg
Issue - Volume 14, Number 3 / June, 1972
By: V. D. Ramamurthy, Centre for Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Porto Novo, India
Accepted: 7 February 1972; Communicated by N. K. Panikkar, Panaji
Abstract
The present paper describes the procedures adopted for axenic or pure cultivation of the marine blue-green alga Trichodesmium erythraeum (Ehr.)1 in the laboratory. Strains of T. erythraeum were isolated from the nearshore waters of the Bay of Bengal (11°29 N 79°49 E) during the pre-bloom period in March, 1965, at a depth of 9 to 12m. Modified, enriched, Erdschreiber medium was used for laboratory cultivation of T. erythraeum. A differential concentration of streptomycin 6 mg/100 ml, tetracycline 5 mg/100 ml and sulfadiazine 4 mg/100 ml was used to inhibit the microbial growth in cultures. Difficulties experienced in the initial culture stages of T. erythraeum and the necessary specific instructions employed are described in detail.
Original source of abstract and ordering page here
Nature gave us oil from algae; perhaps we should try Nature's way again
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
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algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
Labels: Algae-Cultivation, Algae-Nutrients
Diatom cultivation and biotechnologically relevant products. Cultivation at various scales
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Diatom cultivation and biotechnologically relevant products. Part I: Cultivation at various scales
Journal - Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
Publisher - Springer Berlin / Heidelberg
Issue - Volume 60, Number 6 / February, 2003
SpringerLink Date - Thursday, February 19, 2004
Authors - Thierry Lebeau, Jean-Michel Robert
Abstract
Biotechnological applications of diatoms are still in development. Further development at the industrial scale will depend on optimisation of the culture process with the aim of reducing costs. Because of the photoautotrophic status of the majority of diatoms, microalgal cultures suffer from the limitation of light diffusion, which requires the development of suitable photobioreactors. Thus, genetically engineered microalgae that may be cultivated in heterotrophic conditions present a new opportunity. Other limiting factors, such as nutrients (phosphate, nitrogen, silicon), pH, temperature, bioturbation and many more must be taken into account. Most of the time, metabolic stress conditions lead to an overproduction of the products of interest, with a decrease in biomass production as a consequence. Outdoor cultures in open ponds are usually devoted to aquaculture for the feeding of shrimps and bivalve molluscs (commercial production), while closed axenic indoor/outdoor photobioreactors are used for biotechnological compounds of homogeneous composition (still at the laboratory scale). In addition to the optimum culture conditions that have to be taken into account for photobioreactor design, the localisation of produced metabolites (intra- or extracellular) may also be taken into account when choosing the design. Microalgal cell immobilisation may be a suitable technique for application to benthic diatoms, which are usually sensitive to bioturbation and/or metabolites which may be overexpressed.
Original source and the page for ordering this report here
Nature gave us oil from algae; perhaps we should try Nature's way again
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
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algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
Labels: Algae-Cultivation
Biochemical Composition of Spirulina Biomass in Open-air System
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Biochemical Composition of Spirulina Biomass in Open-air System
Edis Koru* and Semra Cirik - E.Ü. Fisheries Faculty, Department of Aquaculture 35100, Bornova-Izmir.
Abstract
Blue-green algae Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira) have found worldwide interest as
photosynthetic planktonic organism suitable for mass production. It can be an alternative source
of protein for human food and feed purposes, with the possibility of obtaining other products like
pigments (caretenoids, phycocyanin and chlorophyll), vitamins and lipids. The biomass obtained
can be introduced directly in the diet and it can also be used in cases of malnutration. In this
work, Spirulina platensis has been adapted to Aegean region (Izmir/Turkey). Ponds surface
reaches 100 m2 and allows production from March to December in greenhouse. The biomass
obtained was analyzed in terms of their chemical composition and fatty acids. The results showed that protein (average 55.43%), carbonhidrates (average 23.0%), lipids (average 8.6%), ash (average 7.8%), and twelve fatty acids methyl esters were identificated. The dominant groups were the 16:0, 16:1ù7, 18:0, 18:1ù9, 18:1ù7, 18:2ù6, 18:3ù6. PUFA/SFA ratio finding 0.49.
Keywords: Microalgae; cyanobacteria; Spirulina; Spirulina composition; Turkey
See the full report here (PDF)
Nature gave us oil from algae; perhaps we should try Nature's way again
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Labels: Algae-Cultivation
Removal of CO2 from flue gases by algae. Final technical report to DoE, USA
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Removal of CO2 from flue gases by algae. Final technical report to DoE, September 1, 1992--August 31, 1993
Creator/Author
Akin, C. ; Maka, A. ; Patel, S. ; Conrad, J. [Inst. of Gas Technology, Chicago, IL (United States)] ; Benemann, J.
Publication Date - 1993 Dec 31
OSTI Identifier - OSTI ID: 10132222; Legacy ID: DE94008039
Report Number(s) - DOE/PC/92521--T97
Resource Type - Technical Report
Specific Type - Progress Report
Research Org - Illinois Dept. of Energy and Natural Resources, Springfield, IL (United States)
Sponsoring Org - USDOE, Washington, DC (United States)
Key words: 01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT; 54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; 20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS; FLUE GAS; AIR POLLUTION CONTROL; ALGAE; CATALYTIC EFFECTS; CARBON DIOXIDE; BIOCONVERSION; SCRUBBING; PROGRESS REPORT; FEASIBILITY STUDIES; BIOREACTORS; COST ESTIMATION; BENCH-SCALE EXPERIMENTS; PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Abstract
The objective of this research program is to determine the feasibility of the alga Botryococcus braunii as a biocatalyst for the photosynthetic conversion of flue gas CO{sub 2} to hydrocarbons. Free and immobilized cells of Botryococcus braunii were grown in aqueous medium supplemented with nitrogen, phosphorus and mineral nutrients. Air and CO{sub 2} enriched air [10% to 15% (V/V) CO{sub 2}] in the gas phase and 0.2% to 2% NaHCO{sub 3} in the liquid medium served as the carbon source. Growth and hydrocarbon formation characteristics of free and immobilized cultures of Botryococcus braunii were determined in bench-scale photobioreactors. Technical and economic feasibility of the conversion of flue gas CO{sub 2} to hydrocarbons by Botryococcus braunii culture systems was evaluated. In free cell systems, the hexane extractable oil productivity was about 15 to 37 grams of oil per 100 grams of cell dry weight. In immobilized cell systems, the oil production ranged between 5% and 47% at different immobilization systems and immobilized surface locations, with an average of 19% of cell biomass dry weight. The feasibility and economic evaluation estimated the cost of oil produced from flue gas CO{sub 2} by algae to range between $45 and $75 per barrel assuming that a hydrocarbon yield of about 50% of the biomass weight is achievable and a credit of $60 per ton of carbon removed is available. A future research program leading to development of a multistage process, consisting of closed systems for heavy inoculum buildup followed by lower cost open systems for oil production is recommended.
Format: Adobe PDF Document with Extractable Text
Original link and link to the complete PDF document here
Nature gave us oil from algae; perhaps we should try Nature's way again
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Labels: Algae-Cultivation-Power-Plants
Nitrogen depletion to enhance yield of oil through triglyceride accumulation
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Nitrogen depletion for intracellular triglyceride accumulation to enhance liquefaction yield of marine microalgal cells into a fuel oil
Publisher - Springer New York
Issue - Volume 6, Number 1 / January, 1998
SpringerLink Date - Thursday, February 19, 2004
Authors - Keiko Yamaberi, Mutsumi Takagi, Toshiomi Yoshida
Abstract
Correspondence to: M. Takagi. Fax: +81-6-879-7454.-->Abstract. The lipid content of Nannochloris sp. UTEX LB1999 cells grown in a nitrogen-limited medium (0.9 mM KNO3) was 1.5 times as high as when grown in a modified NORO medium containing 9.9 mM KNO3. However, the cell concentration was too low for production of fuel oil by liquefaction of cell mass at high temperature and pressure. During cultivation using the modified NORO medium, neither growth nor lipid accumulation were influenced by nitrogen depletion in the late logarithmic growth phase. The triglyceride content remained constant during the stationary phase in cultures periodically supplemented with nitrogen source. However, triglycerides accumulated to a greater extent during the stationary phase in the nitrogen depleted culture. The final triglyceride content was 2.2 times that of the nitrogen sufficient culture. The increase in triglyceride content was associated with a decrease in chlorophyll content. In the liquefaction reactions, the cells with a higher triglyceride content produced a higher yield of oil.
See the original Springer Link page here for ordering information
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Labels: Algae-Biodiesel, Algae-Oil-Yield
Growing Fuel from Algae in Australia - research report
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Growing Fuel from Algae in Australia - research report
Excerpts from this research report
1. Australia is well placed to develop industries based on these ubiquitous, single-celled organisms, according to work done by the Australian research network BEAM (Biotechnical and Environmental Applications of Microalgae). Australia has high algal diversity in our inland lakes and rivers and a successful existing industry to build upon. South Australia and Western Australia are already leading producers of natural beta-carotene from two large commercial plants.
2. Australian researchers are now working on a range of projects seeking to further exploit the potential of microalgae for fuel.
3. Commercial culture of microalgae is one of the modern biotechnologies and the Australian research network BEAM.
4. In a recent project funded by the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Dr Jian Qin, of Flinders University, investigated the use of a well-studied green alga known as Botryococcus braunii, or Bb for short, as a supplier of biological hydrocarbons. Bb is a colonial alga of lakes and reservoirs, where it blooms into large, green, floating mats – and it’s a remarkably oily little plant. Up to 75% of the dry weight of this particular species is a natural hydrocarbon that can be converted into petrol, diesel or turbine fuel or other liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons.
5. Australia is fortunate that they have ideal conditions for B. braunii culture. They need radiant
energy to photosynthesise, and Aus has plenty of sunlight, and they are tolerant of saline water, of which we have more than enough. At Flinders, we have closely determined the optimum conditions for Bb growth in terms of temperature, light and salinity with a view to commercial culture.’
6. The researchers found that to obtain the maximum biomass of algae and the best hydrocarbon production, the optimum culture conditions for this strain are: a temperature of 23°C, a light intensity of 30–60 W/m2 irradiance, a photoperiod of 12 hours light and 12 hours dark, and salinity of 8.8%. This last finding confirms that the alga is tolerant of brackish
waters.
7. For cost-effective production of biofuels from B. braunii, scientists will need to select or engineer strains with still faster growth and greater hydrocarbon production. It is not yet an
economic proposition, says a scientist.
Personalities and organizations mentioned:
Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation; Dr Jian Qin, of Flinders University; Australian research network BEAM (Biotechnical and Environmental Applications of Microalgae), Biotechnology company SQC Pty. Ltd.
Nature gave us oil from algae; perhaps we should try Nature's way again
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Labels: Algae-Fuel-Research
Systems and Economic Analysis of Microalgae Ponds for Conversion of CO to Biomass
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Systems and Economic Analysis of Microalgae Ponds for Conversion of CO to Biomass
Final Report J.R. Benemann and W.J. Oswald
Document format: pdf
Publisher: U.S. Department of Energy
Creation date: March 21, 1996
Abstract
There is growing evidence that global warming could become a major global environmental threat during the 21st century. The precautionary principle commands preventive action, at both national and international levels, to minimize this potential threat. Many near-term, relatively inexpensive, mitigation options are available. In addition, long-term research is required to evaluate and develop advanced, possibly more expensive, countermeasures, in the eventuality that they may be required. The utilization of power plant CO2 and its recycling into fossil fuel substitutes by microalgae cultures could be one such long-term technology. Microalgae production is an expanding industry in the U.S., with three commercial systems (of approximately 10 hectare each) producing nutriceuticals, specifically beta-carotene, extracted from Dunaliella, and Spirulina biomass. Microalgae are also used in wastewater treatment. Currently production costs are high, about $10,000/ton of algal biomass, almost two orders of magnitude higher than acceptable for greenhouse gas mitigation. This report reviews the current state-of-the-art, including algal cultivation and harvesting-processing, and outlines a technique for achieving very high productivities. Costs of CO2 mitigation with microalgae production of oils biodiesel are estimated and future R needs outlined.
Key Words: DOE • Algae • Microalgae • Hydrogen • Biodiesel
See the link to the full (PDF) report here
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algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
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Labels: Algae-Cultivation
Tri-Glyceride Production from Algae Grown on Dairy Anaerobic Digester Effluent
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Tri-Glyceride Production from Algae Grown on Dairy Anaerobic Digester Effluent
A research paper presented at Confex, Nov 2006
Alexandra D. Holland, Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, R&T building, 4th floor, 616 NE Northlake Place, Seattle, WA 98105, Rhonda Schmidt, College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, R&T building, 4th floor, 616 NE Northlake Place, Seattle, WA 98105, Nam Nguyen, Material Science and Engineering, University of Washington, R&T building, 4th floor, 616 NE Northlake Place, Seattle, WA 98105, Joe M. Dragavon, Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Bagley Hall, Seattle, WA 98105, and Marina G. Kalyuzhnaya, Microbiology, University of Washington, R&T building, 4th floor, 616 NE Northlake Place, Seattle, WA 98105.
Abstract
Persistent rises in fossil fuels are rendering bioenergy production on the farm an increasingly attractive alternative. In addition, increasing farm animal densities in the state of Washington are producing a concentrated manure surplus, which exceeds the amount usable on local agricultural lands as fertilizer.
In the context of the NSF MCCE IGERT fellowship (Multinational Collaboration on Challenges to the Environment, Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship) at the University of Washington, our interdisciplinary team has looked at the integration of Anaerobic Digestion (AD) and biofuel (as Tri-Acyl-Glycerol or TAG) production on dairy farms. In this process, the evolved AD methane is combusted to produce electrical power, and the resulting carbon dioxide is used to enrich the algae reactor. The nutrient-rich AD effluent is fed to the algae, thus by-passing the need to purchase fertilizer. Preliminary feasibility studies were based on existing AD operations (Van derHaak dairy, WA) and pilot airlift photobioreactors (Greenfuel Co., MA).
Preliminary experiments have assessed the robustness of various algal strains documented in the 1998 NREL report: “A Look Back at the U.S. Department of Energy's Aquatic Species Program: Biodiesel from Algae” when given AD effluent as a nutrient source. In parallel, as developed in the NREL report, algae populations have been isolated from farm environments, fed on AD effluent, and sorted for fatty acid accumulation by flow cytometry. These results will be incorporated in the Puget Sound Energy photobioreactor pilot project in the state of Washington.
Original Confex source here
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Labels: Algae-Fuel-Research
Microalgal Oil Extraction and in-Situ Transesterification
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Microalgal Oil Extraction and in-Situ Transesterification
A research paper presentation from Confex Nov 2006
Justin M. Ferrentino and Ihab H. Farag. Chemical Engineering, University of New Hampshire, Kingsbury Hall, 33 College Road, Durham, NH 03824
High oil species of microalgae cultured in growth optimized conditions of photobioreactors have the potential to yield 5,000 – 15,000 gallons of microalgal oil per acre per year. As with any biological lipid, this is a potential feedstock for making the renewable fuel biodiesel. Photobioreactors have the ability to produce algae while performing beneficial tasks, such as scrubbing power plant flue gases or removing nutrients from wastewater. By coupling algae production with a waste treatment or pollution control process, as is already being done by some companies, the economic viability of microalgal biodiesel is significantly improved. In using microalgal oil to make biodiesel, the extraction of oil from cells is an important but costly step, which often involves toxic solvents. The method of Bligh & Dyer (1959) is a laboratory-scale technique which uses polar and non-polar solvents to extract the corresponding lipid fractions from cells. The drawbacks of using solvent extraction are that it requires extra energy input to recover the solvents, and it has the potential to contaminate the algae solids, thereby restricting options for their end use. The goal of this research is to improve the process economics of producing biodiesel from microalgal oil by making oil extraction simpler and less expensive. This is proposed by relying on only physical oil extraction, or by combining extraction with in-situ transesterification. The project will utilize six strains of high-oil algae already acquired from the SERI-NREL microalgae culture collection at the University of Hawaii. These include two Nannochloropsis sp. strains, Dunaliella tertiolecta, Dunaliella salina, Chlorella salina, and Chlorella sp. These will be screened to determine the species producing the most oil under both nitrogen sufficient and nitrogen limiting conditions. The specific growth conditions are not the focus of this project, and the purpose of screening is to ensure that a reasonable amount of oil be available for extraction (20-50% of the dry mass). Screening for the relative oil contents will be done with a Varian SF330 Spectrofluorometer by the method of Cooksey et. al. (1987) on cell cultures that have been diluted to equal concentrations, as checked with a Bausch & Lomb Spectronic 20 Spectrophotometer. Solvent extraction will be examined by separating algae samples from solution by vacuum filtration with a Buchner funnel and cellulose fiber filters and then dried. Dried samples will be treated using the two-solvent oil extraction technique of Bligh & Dyer (1959) and the improved method developed by Ennsani (1990). The lipid fractions yielded by these methods will be considered the base-line oil content of the cells, which the other extraction techniques will be compared to. To examine alternative extraction techniques, algae samples in their aqueous growth medium will be homogenized with a Sonicel 100 ultrasonic cell disrupter and centrifuged to determine if oil separation will take place without solvent. In-situ transesterification will be examined by adding dried algae samples to a methanol/potassium hydroxide solution and then ultrasonicating them. These will sit to allow the transesterification reaction time to take place, and then be centrifuged to separate the biodiesel from the excess methanol, cell solids, and the byproduct glycerin. After separation, analysis with a Hewlett-Packard Gas Chromatograph Model HP 5890 equipped with a Flame Ionization Detector will be used to determine total and free glycerine. This will be a way to assess if biodiesel has been made. Biodiesel yield from the in-situ transesterification method will be compared to those from the solvent extraction and the ultrasonic disruption/centrifugal extraction techniques.
Original Confex link here
Oilgae Academic Edition showcases case studies on algae research efforts in respective areas such as waste water treatment, CO2 sequestration and power plants.
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algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
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Labels: Algae-Oil-Extraction
Biodiesel from Scenedesmus Obliquus Algae - A Research Project
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Biodiesel from Scenedesmus Obliquus Algae - A Research Project
See details of this project as presented at Confex in Nov 2006
By: Maria I. Monteverde, Juan C. Flores, and Jose A. Colucci. Chemical Engineering Department University of Puerto Rico Mayaguez Campus, Mayaguez, PR 00680
During decades micro algae have been studied for its nutritional potential value. Recently, other applications involving the use of this common and big contributor to aquatic life organism has emerged. At this time, the technology has improved in such manner that the possibility to produce fuel in the form of oils using this living organism as the raw material is a reality. Studies performed at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) indicate that the oil productivity (pounds/acre-year) of micro algae could be 20 times higher than the best oil producing crop. In this project we will investigate the algae Scenedesmus obliquus which composition demonstrates a big percent of oil. By using Scenedesmus obliquus, which is part of our ecosystem and is very accessible, a more environmental friendly and renewal fuel can be produced. The reproduction of this algae will be achieved using its usual pathway, photosynthesis, taking in consideration its natural ecosystem and creating a setup that includes the correct proportion of carbon dioxide and visible light to reproduce them as in its natural environment. Then, to extract oil more efficiently, the well known method of “expeller/press” will be used to remove the oil produced by this algae. At last but no least, the feasibility of producing biodiesel from this kind of oil will be analyzed and assessed.
Keywords: Scenedesmus obliquus, micro algae, expeller/press
Original Confex link here
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Labels: Algae-Fuel-Research
Method of Cultivating Algae and a Covering Material Used Thereof - 1980 Patent
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Method of Cultivating Algae and a Covering Material Used Thereof - 1980 Patent
Abstract
A method for cultivating an alga, which comprises growing the alga in a light field substantially free from light of wavelengths of not more than 340 nm; and a covering material for use in the cultivation of algae, said covering material substantially inhibiting the transmission of light of wavelengths of not more than 340 nm.
Patent number: 4235043
Filing date: Mar 14, 1979
Issue date: Nov 25, 1980
Inventors: Isamu Harasawa, Yukio Hariki, Katsuhiko Maeda, Kouichi Nakamura
Assignee: Nippon Carbide Kogyo Kabashiki Kaisha
More info on this patent from here
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Labels: Algae-Cultivation
Water Reclamation - Algae Production - 1972 Patent
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Water Reclamation - Algae Production - 1972 Patent
This is a 1972 patent by Jay E. Ort
More details on this patent from here
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Labels: Algae-Cultivation
Method & Apparatus for Treating Sewage - a 1980 patent
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Method & Apparatus for Treating Sewage - a 1980 patent
Abstract
Steps are disclosed in a method for the complete treatment of sanitary sewage comprising water containing suspended or dissolved organic matter, the concentration of which is measured by biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). A part of the method relies upon a waste stabilization pond containing algae for aerobic decomposition of the organic matter, followed by removal of algae in a second algae removal pond. Another aspect of the invention is provision of a polishing pond constructed with a circumferential weir for maximizing exposure to sunlight and for aeration. A further aspect of the method of the invention involves optional provision of a facultative pond of increased capacity for reduction of BOD by use of combined aerobic and anaerobic treatment which avoids the drawbacks commonly associated with entirely anaerobic treatment processes.
Patent number: 4209388
Filing date: Nov 6, 1978
Issue date: Jun 24, 1980
Inventor: Arthur A. DeFraites
More info on the patent from here
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Labels: Algae-Cultivation-Sewage
Method of Waste Treatment & Algae Recovery - a 1977 Patent
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Method of Waste Treatment & Algae Recovery - a 1977 Patent
Abstract
A method of waste treatment and algae recovery involves making available in a first pond open to light and air a first body of waste water such as sewage containing algae, the algae growing on the contained nutrients. The first body is retained under natural culture conditions for a predetermined detention period, usually several days, and is then transferred to a second pond as a second body open to light and air. To the second body some normal algal nutrients are added and more particularly the body is continuously agitated at a moderate rate to maintain the growing algae in suspension. Preferably, to the second body and with the nutrients, there is added an amount of lime insufficient to cause coagulation of the algae. After a predetermined detention time of several days in the second, mixing pond the mixed material is transferred to a third pond. The third pond is shielded from the light and is dark. The third pond is unagitated and is quiet. The algae therein readily separate...
Patent number: 4005546
Filing date: Jul 21, 1975
Issue date: Feb 1, 1977
Inventor: William J. Oswald
Assignee: The Regents of the University of California
More info on this patent from here
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Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
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algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
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Labels: Algae-Cultivation-Sewage
Apparatus & Method for Growing Algae - a 1968 Patent
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Apparatus & Method for Growing Algae - a 1968 Patent
William J Oswald et al
See full details of this detailed 1968 patent from here
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Labels: Algae-Cultivation
Process for Promotion of Algae Growth in a Sewage Medium - 1977 Patent
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Process for Promotion of Algae Growth in a Sewage Medium - 1977 Patent
Abstract
An improved method for promoting algae growth in a sewage medium is disclosed. A high density algae culture can be obtained in a sewage water treatment process by placing algae in pure water separated by a dialysis membrane from sewage water wherein osmotic interaction occurs across the membrane. In a preferred embodiment algae is placed in pure water in dialysis tubing and the tubing is suspended in the presence of light in sewage water for osmotic interaction therewith.
Patent number: 4043903
Filing date: Oct 28, 1975
Issue date: Aug 23, 1977
Inventor: Inka Dor
Primary Examiner: Robert H. Spitzer
More info on this patent from here
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algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
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Labels: Algae-Cultivation-Sewage
Unbalanced Culture Method of Algae Production - 1971 patent
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Unbalanced Culture Method of Algae Production - a 1971 patent
Interrupting algal-bacterial symbiosis after five days by treatment with 2537 angstrom high intesity light over a 2 - 3 inch deep channel permits increased algae production and 24-hour harvesting
This patent is about an invention that facilitates the above process.
Full info on the patent here
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Labels: Algae-Cultivation, Algae-Harvesting
Algal Cell Harvesting - 1982 Patent
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Algal Cell Harvesting - 1982 Patent
Abstract
The present invention relates to systems, processes and apparatus for harvesting microorganisms, especially free swimming unicellular algae, such as algal cells of the Dunaliella variety.
Patent number: 4324067
Filing date: Feb 4, 1980
Issue date: Apr 13, 1982
Inventor: John O. Kessler
Assignee: The University of Arizona Foundation
More info on this patent from here
Nature gave us oil from algae; perhaps we should try Nature's way again
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog; The complete list of Oilgae Blog articles.
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
Labels: Algae-Harvesting
System & Method for Culturing Algae - A 2000 Patent
You are at: Oilgae Blog. See the complete list of Oilgae Blog articles.Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
System & Method for Culturing Algae - A 2000 Patent
Abstract
A system and method for its use for efficiently culturing algae such as Spirulina are provided. The system comprises a culture pool for exposing a culture fluid containing the algae to sunlight, a culture tank having a larger depth than the culture pool, which is disposed adjacent to the culture pool, a supply unit for supplying the culture fluid from the culture pool to the culture tank, and at least one filter for removing grown algae from the culture fluid overflowing from the culture tank to the culture pool, while allowing to return a filtrate containing immature algae to the culture pool. It is preferred that this system further comprises a unit for mixing a gas containing carbon dioxide in the culture fluid to be supplied in the culture tank, and a lighting unit disposed in the culture tank to provide an artificial light to the culture fluid. In this case, it is possible to carry out the photosynthesis of the algae night and day.
Patent number: 6156561
Filing date: Jul 17, 1998
Issue date: Dec 5, 2000
Inventors: Keiun Kodo, Yasumasa Kodo
Assignee: Spirulina Biological Lab., Ltd.Primary Examiner: Deborah K. Ware
More info on this patent from here
Nature gave us oil from algae; perhaps we should try Nature's way again
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog; The complete list of Oilgae Blog articles.
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
Labels: Algae-Cultivation
Mass Algal Culture System - 1981 Patent
You are at: Oilgae Blog. See the complete list of Oilgae Blog articles.Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
Mass Algal Culture System - 1981 Patent
Abstract
An apparatus and process for the culture of algae in a liquid medium is disclosed. The medium circulates through an open trough and is exposed to an atmosphere which is temperature regulated. The nutrient content of the liquid medium is regulated to control the chemical composition growth and reproduction characteristics of the cultured algae. Before it is allowed to strike the medium, sunlight is passed through a filter to remove wavelengths which are not photosynthetically active. Heat energy can be recovered from the filter.
Patent number: 4253271
Filing date: Dec 28, 1978
Issue date: Mar 3, 1981
Inventor: Lawrence P. Raymond
Assignee: Battelle Memorial Institute
More info on this patent from here
Nature gave us oil from algae; perhaps we should try Nature's way again
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog; The complete list of Oilgae Blog articles.
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
Labels: Algae-Cultivation, Algae-Nutrients
Method for Dewatering Micro-algae with a Bubble Column - 1999 Patent
You are at: Oilgae Blog. See the complete list of Oilgae Blog articles.Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
Method for Dewatering Micro-algae with a Bubble Column - 1999 Patent
Abstract
A process for dewatering an aqueous suspension of microalgae is disclosed in which the aqueous suspension of the algae is introduced into a bubble column or a modified bubble column for generating a froth of bubbles and adsorbed algal cells that can be separated from the aqueous suspension. In one advantageous embodiment, the bubble column is a multi-stage loop-flow flotation column that has three loop-flow zones, each of which is defined by a draft tube concentrically mounted in the column to divide each loop-flow zone into a riser and the downcomer. Fine bubbles of gas and brine are in cocurrent upward flow in the riser and in cocurrent downward flow the downcomer. A higher gas holdup is promoted in the riser than in the downcomer, thereby circulating the brine in loop-flow upwardly through the riser and downwardly through the downcomer. Liquid communication between adjacent loop-flow zones is substantially eliminated. A froth enriched in algae is generated that can be separated...
Patent number: 5910254
Filing date: Dec 20, 1996
Issue date: Jun 8, 1999
Inventors: Scott Arthur Guelcher, Jeffrey Scott Kanel
Assignee: Eastman Chemical Company
More info on this patent from here
Nature gave us oil from algae; perhaps we should try Nature's way again
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog; The complete list of Oilgae Blog articles.
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
Labels: Algae-Cultivation
Extraction of Triglycerides from Micro-organisms
You are at: Oilgae Blog. See the complete list of Oilgae Blog articles.Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
Extraction of Triglycerides from Micro-organisms
Abstract
Oil is extracted from oil containing microorganisms by disintegrating the microorganisms and contacting them in the presence of a water content of at least 70% by weight of that originally present in the cellular material with a water immiscible solvent for the oil, separating the solvent from the microorganisms and recovering the oil from the solvent.
Patent number: 6180376
Filing date: Jan 20, 1998
Issue date: Jan 30, 2001
Inventor: John Macdonald Liddell
Assignee: Zeneca LimitedPrimary Examiner: Vera Afremova
More details on this patent from here
Nature gave us oil from algae; perhaps we should try Nature's way again
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog; The complete list of Oilgae Blog articles.
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
Labels: Algae-Oil-Extraction
Method of Rupturing Algae Cells - 1999 Patent
You are at: Oilgae Blog. See the complete list of Oilgae Blog articles.Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
Method of Rupturing Algae Cells - 1999 Patent
Abstract
A method for rupturing microalgae in an aqueous suspension is disclosed. In one embodiment the aqueous suspension is passed through a constriction into a liquid phase at a pressure sufficient to rupture the cells by circulating the aqueous suspension through a constriction in a pump loop at a pressure and a percent recycle sufficient to rupture the cells. Cells of the alga Dunaliella salina can be ruptured by the method of the invention to promote froth flotation and mechanical filtration of the cells for recovery of mixed carotenoids.
Patent number: 6000551
Filing date: Dec 20, 1996
Issue date: Dec 14, 1999
Inventors: Jeffrey Scott Kanel, Scott Arthur Guelcher
Assignee: Eastman Chemical Company
More details about this patent from here
Nature gave us oil from algae; perhaps we should try Nature's way again
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog; The complete list of Oilgae Blog articles.
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
Labels: Algae-Oil-Extraction
Method for Harvesting Algae - 1986 Patent
You are at: Oilgae Blog. See the complete list of Oilgae Blog articles.Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
Method for Harvesting Algae - 1986 Patent
Abstract
A method for harvesting algae of the genus Dunaliella from suspensions thereof in brines containing sodium chloride at a concentration of about 3M or above, wherein the algal suspension is contacted with an adsorbent having a hydrophobic surface so as to adsorb the algae thereon, and the adsorbent with the algae adsorbed thereon is separated from the brine.
Patent number: 4554390
Filing date: Jun 7, 1983
Issue date: Nov 19, 1985
Inventors: Cyril C. Curtain, Harvey Snook
Assignees: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Betatene Limited
More info on this patent from here
Nature gave us oil from algae; perhaps we should try Nature's way again
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog; The complete list of Oilgae Blog articles.
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
Labels: Algae-Harvesting
Algae Cell Growth, Modification & Harvesting - A 1984 Patent
You are at: Oilgae Blog. See the complete list of Oilgae Blog articles.Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
Algae Cell Growth, Modification & Harvesting - A 1984 Patent
Abstract
The present invention relates to algal cell growth, modification and harvesting, and more particularly to systems apparatus and methods for growing, enhancing the growth of and harvesting of motile swimming microorganisms, especially unicellular algae, such as Dunaliella, which multiply by cell division.
Patent number: 4438591
Filing date: Feb 10, 1982
Issue date: Mar 27, 1984
Inventor: John O. Kessler
Assignee: The University of Arizona Foundation
See more details on this patent from here
Nature gave us oil from algae; perhaps we should try Nature's way again
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog; The complete list of Oilgae Blog articles.
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
Labels: Algae-Cultivation, Algae-Harvesting
Patent for Producing Oil Products from Algae - 1982
You are at: Oilgae Blog. See the complete list of Oilgae Blog articles.Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
Patent for Producing Oil Products from Algae
Abstract
Oil products and a high nitrogen content residue are obtained by growing halophilic algae in saline solution, harvesting an algae-salt water slurry, solvent extracting said slurry, and recovering the product and residue. Use of a growth promoting enzyme, salt concentration gradients for harvesting, and water insoluble solvents at elevated temperatures are preferred.
Patent number: 4341038
Filing date: Jul 2, 1980
Issue date: Jul 27, 1982
Inventors: Moshe R. Bloch, Joel Sasson, Margaret E. Ginzburg, Zvi Goldman, Ben Z. Ginzburg, Nissim Garti, Asher Porath
See more info on this patent from Google Patents search result page here
Nature gave us oil from algae; perhaps we should try Nature's way again
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog; The complete list of Oilgae Blog articles.
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
Labels: Algae-Energy-Products, Algae-Harvesting
hydrocarbon gases resulting from pyrolysis of the marine nanoplanktonic alga Emiliania huxleyi
You are at: Oilgae Blog. See the complete list of Oilgae Blog articles.Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
A renewable energy source — hydrocarbon gases resulting from pyrolysis of the marine nanoplanktonic alga Emiliania huxleyi
Journal - Journal of Applied Phycology
Publisher - Springer Netherlands
Issue - Volume 11, Number 2 / April, 1999
SpringerLink Date - Tuesday, November 02, 2004
By: Qingyu Wu1 , Junbiao Dai1, Yoshihiro Shiraiwa2, Guoying Sheng3 and Jiamo Fu3
(1) , Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China, (2) , Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058572, Japan, (3) Institute of Guangzhou Geochemistry, Academia Sinica, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
Abstract
The marine coccolithophore, Emiliania huxleyi, grown in the laboratory was subjected to vacuum pyrolysis at various temperatures from 100 to 500 °C. The highest yield of pyrolytic gases (183 mL g?1 dry cells) was obtained at 400 °C. The amount of total hydrocarbon gas produced at 400 °C was 129 mL, about 10 times higher than at 300 °C. CH4 was the major component at the high gas-production stage (400–500 °C). The great increase in hydrocarbon gases at 400 °C was accompanied by a marked decrease in liquid saturates and aromatics. The results indicate that the liquid hydrocarbons (oil) produced by pyrolysis at lower temperature is a direct source for the formation of the hydrocarbon gases. Due to its large potential for the production of biomass and hydrocarbons with low energy input, E. huxleyi is suggested as one of candidates for the production of renewable fuels.
Key words - Emiliania huxleyi - hydrocarbon gases - renewable energy - pyrolysis - temperature effect
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.
Original source and ordering page here
Nature gave us oil from algae; perhaps we should try Nature's way again
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog; The complete list of Oilgae Blog articles.
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
Labels: Algae-Energy-Products, Algae-Fuel-Research
Hydrogen Production - Green Algae as a Source of Energy
You are at: Oilgae Blog. See the complete list of Oilgae Blog articles.Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
Hydrogen Production. Green Algae as a Source of Energy - A research paper
By Anastasios Melis and Thomas Happe, Nov 2001
Abstract
Hydrogen gas is thought to be the ideal fuel for a world in which air pollution has been alleviated, global warming has been arrested, and the environment has been protected in an economically sustainable manner. Hydrogen and electricity could team to provide attractive options in transportation and power generation. Interconversion between these two forms of energy suggests on-site utilization of hydrogen to generate electricity, with the electrical power grid serving in energy transportation, distribution utilization, and hydrogen regeneration as needed. A challenging problem in establishing H2 as a source of energy for the future is the renewable and environmentally friendly generation of large quantities of H2 gas. Thus, processes that are presently conceptual in nature, or at a developmental stage in the laboratory, need to be encouraged, tested for feasibility, and otherwise applied toward commercialization.
This work was supported in part by the California Energy Commission, Energy Innovations Small Grants Program (grant no. 51235A/99-01-33), by the California Agricultural Experiment Station, and by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (grant no. Ha 2555/1-1).
You can find the original source here and the full research paper for download here
Nature gave us oil from algae; perhaps we should try Nature's way again
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog; The complete list of Oilgae Blog articles.
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
Labels: Algae-Fuel-Research, Algae-Hydrogen
Marine Algae as a CO2 Sink - Research Abstract
You are at: Oilgae Blog. See the complete list of Oilgae Blog articles.Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
Marine Algae as a CO2 Sink
Journal - Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - SpringerLink
Publisher - Springer Netherlands
Issue - Volume 64, Numbers 1-2 / August, 1992
Marine algae as a co2 sink
R. L. Ritschard1
Center for Atmospheric & Biospheric Effects of Technology Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, 94720 Berkeley, CA, USA
Abstract The most effective ways to reduce CO2 emissions are to improve the energy efficiency of each economic sector and to reduce the cutting of tropical and temperate forests around the world. These options, however, may not fully reach their technical and economic potential due to various political and socioeconomic barriers. Other more innovative and less well developed mitigation measures therefore will be required. The most practical of these is to increase CO2 sinks through photosynthesis in both standing tree biomass and in ocean primary producers. In this paper, the use of marine algae as CO2 sinks is reviewed from a technical, engineering/economic, and environmental perspective. Two open ocean options are considered for large-scale CO2 mitigation: the use of phytoplankton through Fe fertilization and macroalgal (kelp) farms, which can be used for both C sequestering and energy production. It has been estimated that these two approaches can sequester from 0.7 to 3 Gt C yr–1 from the atmosphere at an estimated cost of $5 to 300 t–1 C yr–1. Other options currently under study are also mentioned. Numerous questions remain to be answered pertaining to the use of both microalgae and macroalgae for CO2 assimilation before credible estimates of costs of C removal can be made for either system. In addition, there are several key environmental issues raised by the use of algae. A detailed discussion of these variables, including cost estimates, is presented.
You can buy the complete research paper from this Springer Link page
Nature gave us oil from algae; perhaps we should try Nature's way again
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog; The complete list of Oilgae Blog articles.
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
Labels: Algae-CO2-Capture, Algae-Fuel-Research
XL TechGroup moves PetroAlgae's Algae Feestock business forward
You are at: Oilgae Blog. See the complete list of Oilgae Blog articles.Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
XL TechGroup moves PetroAlgae business forward
XL TechGroup Inc said it is seeking a new pilot production site for algae oil as results from its PetroAlgae business's test facility in Florida have exceeded its expectations
PetroAlgae aims to produce renewable feed stock oils using algae. The company mentioned that construction is complete on its site in Florida, USA and algae are growing in situ.
Much larger scale production facilities (over 10,000 acres) are expected to be in planning by the end of 2007
Nature gave us oil from algae; perhaps we should try Nature's way again
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog; The complete list of Oilgae Blog articles.
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
Labels: Algae-Biodiesel, Algae-Energy-Companies
A Chat with Greenfuel Technologies' Jack Lewnard - Autopia Blog
You are at: Oilgae Blog. See the complete list of Oilgae Blog articles.Do you know that oil derived from algae is an exciting renewable fuel possibility? - see Oilgae for more.
A Chat with Greenfuel Technologies' Jack Lewnard
Posted at http://blog.wired.com/cars/2007/02/algae_talk_a_ch.html by Mark Durham
An interview with Jack Lewnard, VP of Process Development at Greenfuel Technologies in Cambridge, Massachussetts
Excerpts:
1. Greenfuel is one of the first algae-based biofuel companies that uses algae bioreactor technology to convert CO2 from smokestack emissions to biofuels.
2. Greenfuel's closed-bioreactor system can be tuned to generate either biodiesel, ethanol, or methane
3. The key variable is the species of algae, which is selected according to the target biofuel. For biodiesel, a high-lipid species is chosen. For ethanol, you're looking for high starches; for methane, optimal anaerobic digestion of the biomass.
4. In some instances, 80 percent of daytime CO2 recapture rate has been observed by GreenFuels
5. Lewnard has been asked to present at the annual meeting of the National Academy for the Advancement of Sciences in San Francisco later this month.
Full article here
Nature gave us oil from algae; perhaps we should try Nature's way again
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog; The complete list of Oilgae Blog articles.
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
Labels: Algae-Biodiesel, Algae-Photobioreactor
PetroSun announces final testing for algae biofuel process
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PetroSun announces final testing for algae biofuel process
PetroSun Inc. announced in the first week of Feb 2007 that the testing of the cultivation of algae for biodiesel production has now progressed to the final stage.
The next stage will be the construction of a commercial cultivation facility.
This final stage will consist of producing adequate algae to test the output and economics of several biodiesel refinery manufacturers now being considered by the company Algae Biofuels, a subsidiary of PetroSun.
Algae BioFuels is considering sites in Arizona, New Mexico, California, Louisiana and Michigan for its initial commercial cultivation of algae feedstock in the United States. In the market places abroad, Australia and China are the leading candidates for production and refinery operations.
Personalities mentioned: Gordon LeBlanc, Jr., CEO of PetroSun.
Nature gave us oil from algae; perhaps we should try Nature's way again
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog; The complete list of Oilgae Blog articles.
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
Labels: Algae-Biodiesel, Algae-Energy-Companies
Algae BioFuels Targets Alabama for BioFuel Production
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Algae BioFuels Targets Alabama for BioFuel Production
Press release:
PHOENIX, AZ -- (MARKET WIRE) -- February 08, 2007 -- PetroSun, Incorporated announced today that Algae BioFuels, a wholly owned subsidiary, has chosen Alabama to conduct major field trials in the Gulf Coast region for the cultivation of algae in open and closed systems designed by the Company. Meetings with state officials are being scheduled for late February to determine a start date and site selection for these field demonstrations.
"Alabama has taken the initial steps to lead the nation into the future of algaeculture for biodiesel and animal feedstock production," said Gordon LeBlanc, Jr., CEO of PetroSun. "The Gulf Coast region of the United States could become the model for self sufficiency in renewable liquid transportation fuels."
Independent studies have demonstrated that algae is capable of producing 30 times more oil per acre than the current crops now utilized for the production of biofuels. The algae biomass material could also supply annually up to 100,000 pounds of animal feed per acre with a 50% protein content.
See full press release here
Nature gave us oil from algae; perhaps we should try Nature's way again
Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae
Oilgae Blog; The complete list of Oilgae Blog articles.
algOS - Biodiesel from Algae Open Source
About Oilgae - Oilgae - Oil & Biodiesel from Algae has a focus on biodiesel production from algae while also discussing alternative energy in general. Algae present an exciting possibility as a feedstock for biodiesel, and when you realise that oil was originally formed from algae - among other related plants - you think "Hey! Why not oil again from algae!"
Labels: Algae-Biodiesel, Algae-Energy-Companies
